Music Therapy and Stroke: An Integrative Review
##semicolon##
https://doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v8i4.496초록
Stroke is an acute event and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The person who experiences stroke can be left with functional deficits in cognition, communication, and motor control. Music has been used to address the sequelae of stroke since the beginning of the 20th century. Researchers have studied music therapy’s impact on stroke impairment from the inception of the field, with an increasing amount of research taking place coinciding with advances in neurological imaging. This integrative review explores how clinicians and researchers have addressed the various consequences of stroke through the use of music therapy. Multiple databases were searched, including CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBSCO, INGENTA, MEDLINE, OVID, as well as online sources such as Grey Literature Report. This process resulted in the identification of 39 articles that researched the use of music therapy in the rehabilitation of persons with stroke. Results from this study may contribute to the ongoing potential role that music therapy plays in stroke rehabilitation. Findings contained within can be used to develop and refine clinical practice.
Keywords: music therapy, stroke, stroke rehabilitation, integrative review
Spanish Musicoterapia y Accidente Cerebrovascular: Una revisión integrativa
Jamee Ard y Barbara Wheeler
Resumen: El Accidente Cerebro Vascular es un evento agudo y uno de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo entero. La persona que padece un accidente cerebro vascular puede quedar con déficits funcionales en las áreas de cognición , comunicación y control motor. La música ha sido empleada para tratar las secuelas de ACV desde principios del siglo 20. Los investigadores han estudiado el impacto de la musicoterapia en las secuelas post ACV desde los comienzos en el área, con un aumento de la cantidad de investigaciones que coincide con los avances en las técnicas de neuroimagenes. Esta revisión integrativa explora cómo los clínicos e investigadores han tratado las variadas secuelas de ACV a través de la musicoterapia. La búsqueda se realizó en múltiples bases de datos , incluyendo CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, EBSCO, INGENTA, MEDLINE, OVID , también los recursos online como Grey Literature Report. Como resultado de este proceso se identificaron 39 artículos que estudiaron el uso de la musicoterapia en la rehabilitación de personas con ACV. Los resultados de este estudio pueden contribuir al crecimiento del rol de que tiene la musicoterapia en la rehabilitación de ACV. Los hallazgos obtenidos pueden ser usados para desarrollar y refinar la práctica clínica.
Palabras clave: musicoterapia, ACV, rehabilitación de ACV, revisión integrativa
German
Musiktherapie und Schlaganfall: ein integratives Review
Jamee Ard & Barbara Wheeler
Abstract: Ein Schlaganfall ist ein akutes Ereignis und einer der häufigsten Todesursachen weltweit. Bei Person, die einen Schlaganfall erlitten haben, können funktionale Defizite bei Wahrnehmung, Kommunikation und Kontrolle der Motorik zurückbleiben. Musik wird seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts dazu genutzt, um die Folgen von Schlaganfall zu behandeln. Forscher haben den Einfluss von Musiktherapie auf Beeinträchtigungen durch Schlaganfall von Anfang an studiert, mit zunehmender Forschung im Zusammenhang mit den Fortschritten der neurologischen Bildgebung. Dieses integrative Review untersucht, wie Kliniker und Forscher die verschiedenen Konsequenzen eines Schlaganfalls unter Musiktherapie beschreiben. Multiple Datenbanken wurden untersucht, inklusive CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBSCO, INGENTA, MEDLINE, OVID, ebenso die online Quellen, wie der Grey Literature Report. Dieser Prozess identifizierte 39 Artikel, die die Anwendung von Musiktherapie in der Rehabilitation von Schlaganfallpatienten beforschten. Ergebnisse dieser Studie sollen dazu beitragen, die andauernde wichtige Rolle, die Musiktherapie in der Rehabilitation nach Schlaganfall spielt, zu würdigen. Die Ergebnisse, die dort gefunden wurden können dazu genutzt werden, die klinische Praxis zu entwickeln und zu verbessern.
Keywords: Musiktherapie, Schlaganfall, Rehabilitation nach Schlaganfall, integratives Rewiew
Italian
Musicoterapia e Ictus: Ripasso Integrativo
Jamee Ard & Barbara Wheeler
L’ictus è un avvenimento molto grave e una delle principali cause di morte in tutto il mondo. La persona che ha avuto un ictus può essere lasciata con deficit funzionali di cognizione, comunicazione e controllo delle attività motorie. La musica è stata usata per affrontare le conseguenze dell’ictus dall’inizio del 20° secolo. I ricercatori hanno studiato l’impatto della musicoterapia sulle compromissioni dovute da ictus, con un numero crescente di ricerche che si svolgono I concomitanza con I progressi nel campo dell’imaging neurologico. Questo ripasso integrativo eslpora come medici e ricercatori hanno affrontato le varie conseguenze dell’ictus attraverso l’uso della musicoterapia. Piú database sono stati consultati, tra cui CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBSCO, INGENTA, MEDLINE, OVID, così come fonti on-line come il Grey Literature Report. Questo processo ha portato all’identificazione di 39 articoli che hanno esaminato l’uso della musicoterapia nella riabilitazione di persone con ictus. I risultati di questi studi possono contribuire al potenziale ruolo che la musicoterapia gioca nella riabilitazione di persone affette da ictus. I risultati contenuti all’interno possono essere usati per sviluppare e perfezionare la pratica clinica.
Parole Ciave: musicoterapia, ictus, riabilitazione di persone con ictus, ripasso integrativo
Chinese
音樂治療與中風：一篇綜合回顧
中風是急性事件，也是全球主要死因之一。 經歷中風的人可能會留下認知、語言溝通及肢體動作障礙等後遺症。自20世紀初以來，音樂已被運用在處理中風後遺症。從最早期研究人員探討音樂治療對中風損傷的影響，到現在有越來越多的研究與神經影像醫學的發展互相吻合。本篇綜合回顧探討了臨床工作者與研究人員如何運用音樂治療處理各種中風的後遺症。研究者從多個資料庫中搜尋，包括CINAHL，考科藍實證醫學資料庫(Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)， EBSCO， INGENTA， MEDLINE， OVID， 以及線上資源如Grey Literature Report，並從搜尋過程中定義出39篇音樂治療運用於中風病人復健的文獻。研究結果除了對於音樂治療在中風復健領域的發展性有所幫助，研究的發現也可用於發展與改進現行的臨床工作。
Japanese
音楽療法と脳卒中：統合的なレビュー
Jamee Ard & Barbara Wheeler
脳卒中は急性事象であり世界的に主な死亡原因の一つとなっている。脳卒中経験者は、認知、コミュニケーション、運動制御に欠陥が生じることがある。音楽は脳卒中の後遺症に対処するために20世紀初頭から利用されてきた。研究者達はこの分野の初生から脳卒中障害への音楽療法の効果を研究し、神経学的な可視化の進歩と同時に研究の量を増加させてきた。本統合的レビューは、臨床家と研究者が音楽療法の利用を通じてどのように様々な脳卒中の結果に対処してきたかを調査している。Grey Literature Reportなどのオンライン・リソースと同時に、CINAHL、コクランレビュー、EBSCO、INGENTA、MEDLINE, OVID、マルチデータベースが調査された。このプロセスにより、39の論文が脳卒中患者のリハビリテーションにおける音楽療法の利用を研究したものであることの確認が結果として示された。この調査による結果は、進行中の脳卒中患者へのリハビリテーションにおける音楽療法の役割の可能性に貢献するかもしれない。この調査による結果は、進行中の脳卒中患者へのリハビリテーションにおける音楽療法の役割の可能性に貢献するかもしれない。
キーワード：音楽療法、脳卒中、脳卒中のリハビリテーション、統合的レビュー
Korean
음악 치료와 뇌졸중: 통합 검토
Jamee Ard & Barbara Wheeler
뇌졸중은 급성 질병이며 세계 주요 사망 원인들 가운데 하나이다. 뇌졸중을 경험한 사람은 인지, 의사소통, 운동 조절 등에서 기능적 결함을 갖게 된다. 20세기 초 이후 뇌졸중 후유증을 해결하기 위해 음악이 사용되고 있다. 연구자들은 뇌졸중 분야에 대한 치료가 시작될 때부터 음악이 뇌졸중 장애에 끼치는 영향에 대해 연구해왔으며, 신경 영상 발전과 함께 점점 더 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 통합적 고찰연구에서는 임상현장의 의사들과 연구자들이 음악 치료를 통해 발작의 다양한 영향을 어떻게 해결해왔는지 살펴보았다. Grey Literature Report 같은 온라인 자료들 뿐 만 아니라 CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBSCO, INGENTA, MEDLINE, OVID 등 다양한 데이터 베이스를 조사했다. 이 과정에서 뇌졸중을 겪은 사람들의 재활(rehabilitation)에서 음악 치료를 적용한 39편의 연구들이 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 나온 연구 결과를 바탕으로 음악 치료 개입이 뇌졸중 재활에서 지속적인 잠재적 역할에 기여할 것이다. 여기에 포함된 연구 결과는 임상 관행을 개발하고 조율하는데 적용될 수 있을 것이다.
키워드: 음악치료, 뇌졸중(stroke), 뇌졸중 재활, 통합적 고찰
##submission.citations##
References
Davis W, Gfeller K, Thaut M. An Introduction To Music Therapy. Boston, Mass:McGraw-Hill;1999.
Hurkmans J, de Bruijn M, Boonstra A et al. Music in the treatment of neurological language and speech disorders: A systematic review. Aphasiology. 2012;26(1):1-19. doi:10.1080/02687038.2011.602514.
Stegemoller E. Exploring a neuroplasticity model of music therapy. J Music Ther. 2014;51(3):211-227. doi:10.1093/jmt/thu023.
Bradt J, Magee W, Dileo C, Wheeler B, McGilloway E. Music therapy for acquired brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006787.pub2.
Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005;52(5):546-553. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x.
Rew L. The systematic review of literature: Synthesizing evidence for practice. J Spec
in Pediatr Nurs. 2011;16(1):64-69. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2010.00270.x.
Abrams B. Evidence-based music therapy practice: An integral understanding. J Music
Ther. 2010;47(4):351-379. doi:10.1093/jmt/47.4.351.
Noyes J, Popay J, Pearson A, Hanes K, Booth A. Qualitative research and Cochrane reviews. In: Higgins J, Green S, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008: 571-591.
What is stroke page. National Stroke Association Web site. Available at:
http://www.stroke.org/understand-stroke/what-stroke. Accessed April 21, 2016.
State of the nation: Stroke statistics. Stroke Association Web site. Available at:
https://www.stroke.org.uk/resources/state-nation-stroke-statistics. Accessed April 21, 2016.
Anderson P. Depression rates similar after TIA or stroke. Medscape Multispecialty. 2012; March 30, 2012. Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/761250. Accessed April 21, 2016.
Stroke facts page. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov./stroke/facts.html Accessed April 21, 2016.
Stroke-preventable, treatable, beatable infographic page. American Heart Association Web site. Available at: http://news.heart.org/stories-from-the-heart-rappers-wife-urges-empowerment-through-fitness-knowledge-about-stroke/stroke-infographic/ Accessed April 21, 2016.
Schlaug G, Jäncke L, Huang Y, Staiger JF, Steinmetz H. Increased corpus callosum size in musicians. Neuropsychologia. 1995;33(8):1047-1055. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00045-5.
Lappe C, Trainor L, Herholz S, Pantev C. Cortical plasticity induced by short-term multimodal musical rhythm training. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(6):e21493. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021493.
Wan C, Schlaug G. Music making as a tool for promoting brain plasticity across the life span. Neuroscientist. 2010;16(5):566-577. doi:10.1177/1073858410377805.
Jungblat M. Music therapy for people with chronic aphasia: A controlled study. In Aldridge D, ed. Music Therapy And Neurological Rehabilitation. London: J. Kingsley Publishers;2005:189-211.
Loewy J. Integrating music, language and the voice in music therapy. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy. 2004;4(1). doi:10.15845/voices.v4i1.140.
Menon V, Levitin D. The rewards of music listening: Response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system. Neuroimage. 2005;28(1):175-184. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.053.
Baker F, Roth E. Neuroplasticity and functional recovery: Training models and compensatory strategies in music therapy. Nord J Music Ther. 2004;13(1):20-32. doi:10.1080/08098130409478095.
Norton A, Zipse L, Marchina S, Schlaug G. Melodic intonation therapy. New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;1169(1):431-436. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04859.x.
Schlaug G, Marchina S, Norton A. From singing to speaking: Why singing may lead to recovery of expressive language function in patients with Broca's aphasia. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 2008;25(4):315-323. doi:10.1525/mp.2008.25.4.315.
Rodriguez-Fornells A, Rojo N, Amengual J, Ripollés P, Altenmüller E, Münte T. The involvement of audio-motor coupling in the music-supported therapy applied to stroke patients. New York Academy of Sciences. 2012;1252(1):282-293. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06425.x.
Schneider S, Schönle P, Altenmüller E, Münte T. Using musical instruments to improve motor skill recovery following a stroke. J Neurol. 2007;254(10):1339-1346. doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0523-2.
Amengual J, Rojo N, Veciana de las Heras M et al. Sensorimotor plasticity after music-supported therapy in chronic stroke patients revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61883. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061883.
Dileo C. A proposed model for identifying practices: A content analysis of the first 4 years of Music and Medicine. Music Med. 2013;5(2):110-118. doi:10.1177/1943862113481064.
Chen M, Tsai P, Huang Y, Lin K. Pleasant music improves visual attention in patients with unilateral neglect after stroke. Brain Inj. 2012;27(1):75-82. doi:10.3109/02699052.2012.722255.
Doğan S, Tur B, Dilek L, Küçükdeveci A. Single music therapy session reduces anxiety in patients with stroke. Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences. 2011;14:12-15.
Definition and quotes about music therapy page. American Music Therapy Association Web site. Available at: http://www.musictherapy.org/about/quotes/. Accessed April 22, 2016.
Hartley M, Turry A, Raghavan P. The role of music and music therapy in aphasia rehabilitation. Music Med. 2010;2(4):235-242. doi:10.1177/1943862110382661.
De Silva M. Social capital and mental illness: A systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(8):619-627. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.029678.
Boden-Albala B, Litwak E, Elkind M, Rundek T, Sacco R. Social isolation and outcomes post stroke. Neurology. 2005;64(11):1888-1892. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000163510.79351.af.
Tamplin J, Baker F, Jones B, Way A, Lee S. 'Stroke a chord': The effect of singing in a community choir on mood and social engagement for people living with aphasia following stroke. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;32:929-941. doi:10.3223.NRE-130916.
Hanson-Abromeit D, Sena Moore K. The systematic review as a research process in music therapy. J Music Ther. 2014;51(1):4-38. doi:10.1093/jmt/thu002.
Robb S, Burns D, Carpenter J. Reporting guidelines for music-based interventions. Music Med. 2011;3(4):271-279. doi:10.1177/1943862111420539.
Cross P, McLellan M, Romberg E, Monga M, Monga T. Observations on the use of music in rehabilitation of stroke patients. Physiother Can. 1984;36(4):197-201.
Forsblom A, Laitinen S, Särkämö T, Tervaniemi M. Therapeutic role of music listening in stroke rehabilitation. New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;1169(1):426-430. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04776.x.
Forsblom A, Sarkamo T, Laitinen S, Tervaniemi M. The effect of music and audiobook listening on people recovering from stroke: The patient's point of view. Music Med. 2010;2(4):229-234. doi:10.1177/1943862110378110.
Guerrero N, Turry A, Geller D, Raghavan P. From historic to contemporary: Nordoff-Robbins music therapy in collaborative interdisciplinary rehabilitation. Music Ther Perspect. 2014;32(1):38-46. doi:10.1093/mtp/miu014.
Montgomery E, Booth R, Hutchinson S. From a focus on function to rediscovering the self: A case report of an individual with post-stroke depression. Ther Recreation J. 2009;43(4):25-41.
Nayak S, Wheeler B, Shiflett S, Agostinelli S. Effect of music therapy on mood and social interaction among individuals with acute traumatic brain injury and stroke. Rehabil Psychol. 2000;45(3):274-283. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.45.3.274.
Purdie H. Music therapy with adults who have traumatic brain injury and stroke. British Journal of Music Therapy. 1997;11(2):45-50. doi:10.1177/135945759701100203.
Särkämo T, Tervaniemi M, Laitinen S et al. Music listening enhances cognitive recovery and mood after middle cerebral artery stroke. Brain. 2008;131(3):866-876. doi:10.1093/brain/awn013.
Wheeler B, Shiflett S, Nayak S. Effects of number of sessions and group or individual music therapy on the mood and behavior of people who have had strokes or traumatic brain injuries. Nord J Music Ther. 2003;12(2):139-151. doi:10.1080/08098130309478084.
Cohen N, Ford J. The effect of musical cues on the nonpurposive speech of persons with aphasia. J Music Ther. 1995;32(1):46-57. doi:10.1093/jmt/32.1.46.
Tomaino C. Recovery of fluent speech through a musician's use of prelearned song repertoire: A case study. Music Med. 2010;2(2):85-88. doi:10.1177/1943862110365880.
Hurkmans J, Jonkers R, de Bruijn M et al. The effectiveness of Speech–Music Therapy for Aphasia (SMTA) in five speakers with apraxia of speech and aphasia. Aphasiology. 2015;29(8):939-964. doi:10.1080/02687038.2015.1006565.
Kim D, Park Y, Choi J et al. Effects of music therapy on mood in stroke patients. Yonsei Med J. 2011;52(6):977. doi:10.3349/ymj.2011.52.6.977.
Paul S, Ramsey D. The effects of electronic music-making as a therapeutic activity for improving upper extremity active range of motion. Occup Ther Int. 1998;5(3):223-237. doi:10.1002/oti.77.
Carruth E. The effects of singing and the spaced retrieval technique on improving face-name recognition in nursing home residents with memory loss. J Music Ther. 1997;34(3):165-186. doi:10.1093/jmt/34.3.165.
Pocwierz-Marciniak I. Music therapy in the rehabilitation of a stroke patient. Acta Neuropsychol. 2014;12(1):85-102.
Bruscia K. Defining Music Therapy. 2nd ed. Gilsum, NH: Barcelona; 1998.
Tsai P, Chen M, Huang Y, Lin K, Chen K, Hsu Y. Listening to classical music ameliorates unilateral neglect after stroke. Am J Occup Ther. 2013;67(3):328-335. doi:10.5014/ajot.2013.006312.
Cohen N. The effect of singing instruction on the speech production of neurologically impaired persons. J Music Ther. 1992;29(2):87-102. doi:10.1093/jmt/29.2.102.
Street A, Magee W, Odell-Miller H, Bateman A, Fachner J. Home-based neurologic music therapy for upper limb rehabilitation with stroke patients at community rehabilitation stage: A feasibility study protocol. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:480. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00480.
Hochstenbach J, Prigatano G, Mulder T. Patients’ and relatives’ reports of disturbances 9 months after stroke: Subjective changes in physical functioning, cognition, emotion, and behavior. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1587-1593. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.050.
Kim M, Tomaino C. Protocol evaluation for effective music therapy for persons with nonfluent aphasia. Stroke Rehabil. 2008;15(6):555-569. doi:10.1310/tsr1506-555.
Chong H, Han S, Kim Y, Park H, Kim S. Relationship between output from MIDI-keyboard playing and hand function assessments on affected hand after stroke. NeuroRehabilitation. 2014;35:673-680. doi:10.3233?NRE-141166.
Pfeiffer C, Sabe L. Music therapy and cognitive rehabilitation: Screening of music cognition in adult patients with right hemisphere stroke. Psychomusicology. 2015;25(4):392-403. doi:10.1037/pmu0000123.
Malcolm M, Massie C, Thaut M. Rhythmic auditory-motor entrainment improves hemiparetic arm kinematics during reaching movements: A pilot study. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2009;16(1):69-79. doi:10.1310/tsr1601-69.
Thaut M, Leins A, Rice R et al. Rhythmic auditory stimulation improves gait more than NDT/Bobath training in near-ambulatory patients early poststroke: A single-blind, randomized trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(5):455-459. doi:10.1177/1545968307300523.
Thaut M, McIntosh G, Prassas S, Rice R. Effect of rhythmic auditory cuing on temporal stride parameters and EMG patterns in normal gait. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 1992;6(4):185-190. doi:10.1177/136140969200600403.
Erdonmez D, Morley J. Preservation of acquired music performance functions with a dominant hemisphere lesion: A case report. Clin Exp Neurol. 1981;18:102-108.
Hayden R, Clair A, Johnson G, Otto D. The effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) on physical therapy outcomes for patients in gait training following stroke: A feasibility study. Int J Neurosci. 2009;119(12):2183-2195. doi:10.3109/00207450903152609.
Kim S, Jo U. Study of accent-based music speech protocol development for improving voice problems in stroke patients with mixed dysarthria. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;32(1):185-190. doi:10.3233/NRE-13085.
Prassas S, Thaut M, McIntosh G, Rice R. Effect of auditory rhythmic cuing on gait kinematic parameters of stroke patients. Gait Posture. 1997;6(3):218-223. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00010-6.
Shin Y, Chong H, Kim S, Cho S. Effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on hemiplegic gait patterns. Yonsei Med J. 2015;56(6):1703. doi:10.3349/ymj.2015.56.6.1703.
Suh J, Han S, Jeon S et al. Effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait and balance in hemiplegic stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation. 2014;34:193-199. doi:10.3233/NRE-131008.
Tamplin J. A pilot study into the effect of vocal exercises and singing on dysarthric speech. NeuroRehabilitation. 2008;23(3):207-216.
Thaut M, McIntosh G, Rice R. Rhythmic facilitation of gait training in hemiparetic stroke rehabilitation. J Neurol Sci. 1997;151(2):207-212. doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(97)00146-9.
Thaut MH, Kenyon GP, Hurt CP, McIntosh GC, Hoemberg V. Kinematic optimization of spatiotemporal patterns in paretic arm training with stroke patients. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(7):1073-1081. doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00141-5.
Thaut M. Rhythm, Music, and the Brain. New York: Routledge; 2005.
Huang H, Chung K, Lai D, Sung S. The impact of timing and dose of rehabilitation delivery on functional recovery of stroke patients. J Chin Med Assoc. 2009;72(5):257-264. doi:10.1016/s1726-4901(09)70066-8.
Dam M, Tonin P, Casson S et al. The effects of long-term rehabilitation therapy on poststroke hemiplegic patients. Stroke. 1993;24(8):1186-1191. doi:10.1161/01.str.24.8.1186.
Poststroke Rehabilitation page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Web site. Available at: http://stroke.nih.gov/materials/rehabilitation.htm. Accessed April 23, 2016.
Wheeler BL. Designing quantitative research. In: Wheeler, BL, ed. Music Therapy Research. 2nd ed. Gilsum, NH: Barcelona; 2005:112-118.
Magee W. A comparison between the use of songs and improvisation in music therapy with adults living with acquired and chronic illness. Australian Journal of Music. 2007;18:20-38.
Ringman J, Saver J, Woolson R, Clarke W, Adams H. Frequency, risk factors, anatomy, and course of unilateral neglect in an acute stroke cohort. Neurology. 2004;63(3):468-474. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000133011.10689.ce.
Cohen N. The effect of vocal instruction and Visi-Pitch feedback on the speech of persons with neurogenic communication disorders: Two case studies. Music Ther Perspect. 1995;13(2):70-75. doi:10.1093/mtp/13.2.70.
Cofrancesco E. The effect of music therapy on hand grasp strength and functional task performance in stroke patients. J Music Ther. 1985;22(3):129-145. doi:10.1093/jmt/22.3.129.
Kim S. Music therapy protocol development to enhance swallowing training for stroke patients with dysphagia. J Music Ther. 2010;47(2):102-119. doi:10.1093/jmt/47.2.102.
Conklyn D, Novak E, Boissy A, Bethoux F, Chemali K. The effects of modified melodic intonation therapy on nonfluent aphasia: A pilot study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2012;55(5):1463. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0105).
Särkämö T, Pihko E, Laitinen S et al. Music and speech listening enhance the recovery of early sensory processing after stroke. J Cogn Neurosci. 2010;22(12):2716-2727. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21376.
Loewy J, Ard J, Mizutani, N. Music therapy in neurologic dysfunction to address self-expression, language, and communication: The impact of group singing on stroke survivors and caregivers. In: Carozza LS, ed. Communication and Aging: Creative Approaches to Improving the Quality of Life. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing, 2016.
