An Experimental Field Study of the Effects of Listening to Self-selected Music on Emotions, Stress, and Cortisol Levels

Autores/as

  • Marie Helsing
  • Daniel Västfjäll Linköping University
  • Pär Bjälkebring
  • Patrik Juslin
  • Terry Hartig

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v8i4.442

Resumen

Music listening may evoke meaningful emotions in listeners and may enhance certain health benefits. At the same time, it is important to consider individual differences, such as musical taste, when examining musical emotions and in considering their possible health effects. In a field experiment, 21 women listened to their own preferred music on mp3-players daily for 30 minutes during a two week time  period in their own homes. One week they listened to their own chosen relaxing music and the other their own chosen energizing music. Self-reported stress, emotions and health were measured by a questionnaire each day and salivary cortisol was measured with 6 samples two consecutive days every week. The experiment group was compared to a control group (N = 20) who were instructed to relax for 30 minutes everyday for three weeks, and with a baseline week when they relaxed without music for one week (before the music intervention weeks). The results showed that when participants in the experiment group listened to their own chosen music they reported to have experienced significantly higher intensity positive emotions and less stress than when they relaxed without music. There was also a significant decrease in cortisol from the baseline week to the second music intervention week. The control group’s reported stress levels, perceived emotions and cortisol levels remain stable during all three weeks of the study. Together these results suggest that listening to preferred music may be a more effective way of reducing feelings of stress and cortisol levels and increasing positive emotions than relaxing without music.

 

 

Keywords: music, emotions, stress, cortisol levels

Spanish

Estudio experimental de Campo de los efectos de la Escucha de Musica seleccionada por uno mismo en las emociones, el stress y los niveles de cortisol.

Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry Hartig 

 La escucha musical puede evocar emociones significativas en los oyentes y puede lograr algunos beneficios en la salud. Al mismo tiempo, es importante considerar las diferencias individuales, como por ejemplo el gusto musical, cuando examinamos las emociones musicales y al considerar sus posibles efectos en la salud. En este experimento de campo 21 mujeres escucharon su música preferida 30 minutos por dia durante 2 semanas utilizando reproductores de mp3 en sus propias casas. Una semana escucharon la música que eligieron como relajante y la semana siguiente la música que eligieron como energizante. Los auto-reportes de stress, emociones y salud fueron medidos con cuestionarios diarios a la vez que se midió el nivel de cortisol en saliva con 6 muestras tomadas durante dos días consecutivos cada semana. El grupo experimental fue comparado con el grupo control (N=20) que habían sido instruidas para realizar relajación durante 30 minutos todos los días durante tres semanas y con una semana de base en la cual se relajaban sin música (antes de las semanas de intervención musical). Los resultados mostraron que cuando las  participantes del grupo experimental escucharon su propia música, reportaron haber experimentado significativamente una mayor intensidad de emociones positivas y menor stress que cuando se relajaron sin música. Hubo también una disminución significativa en el cortisol desde la semana de base  a la segunda semana con la intervención musical. El grupo control reportó que los niveles de stress , percepción emocional y niveles de cortisol permanecieron estables durante las tres semanas del estudio. Estos resultados sugieren que escuchar música preferida puede ser una forma más efectiva de reducir la sensación de stress y los niveles de cortisol y de incrementar las emociones positivas que la relajación sin música.

 Palabras clave: Escucha musical , cortisol , respuesta al stress

 

German

Die Effekte vom Hören selbst gewählter Musik auf Emotionen, Stress und Cortisol Level:  Eine experimentelle Feldstudie 

Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry Hartig 

Musikhören kann beim Hörer bedeutsame Emotionen auslösen und gewisse Gesundheitsvorteile bewirken. Gleichzeitig ist es wichtig, individuelle Unterschiede, wie den musikalischen Geschmack, zu beachten, wenn man musikalische Emotionen untersucht und deren mögliche gesundheitliche Effekte betrachtet. In einem Feldexperiment  hörten 21 Frauen ihre selbst gewählte Musik über einen mp3 Spieler täglich 30 Minuten während einem Zeitraum von 2 Wochen in ihrem eigenen Zuhause.

Eine Woche lang hörten sie ihre selbst gewählte entspannende Musik, in der anderen Woche selbst gewählte energetisierende Musik. Selbstberichteter Stress, Emotionen

und Gesundheit wurden mithilfe eines Fragebogens täglich, der Cortisolspiegel mit 6 Beispielen an zwei aufeinander folgenden Tagen wöchentlich gemessen. Die experimentelle Gruppe wurde mit einer Kontrollgruppe verglichen (N=20), die angewiesen wurde, 3 Wochen lang täglich 30 Minuten zu entspannen; mit einer baseline-Woche, während der sie eine Woche lang ohne Musik entspannten (vor der Musik-Interventionswoche). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Teilnehmer der experimentellen Gruppe berichteten, sie hätten bei ihrer selbst gewählten Musik signifikant höhere intensive positive Emotionen und weniger Stress, als wenn sie ohne Musik entspannten. Außerdem fand sich eine signifikante Abnahme des Cortisols von der baseline-Woche zur 2. Woche mit Musikintervention. Die von der Kontrollgruppe berichteten Stresslevel, erlebten Emotionen und der Cortisolspiegel blieben während all der drei Studienwochen stabil. Zusammengefasst lassen diese Resultate vermuten, dass Hören von selbst gewählter Musik eine effektivere Möglichkeit darstellt, Gefühle von Stress und Cortisollevel zu reduzieren und positive Gefühle zu erzeugen, wie Entspannung ohne Musik.

Keywords: Musikhören, Cortisol, Stressresponse

 

Italian

Studio Sperimentale sul Campo degli Effetti Legati all’Ascolto della Musica Auto-Selezionata sulle Emozioni, Stress, Livello del Cortisolo

 Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry Hartig

Ascoltare musica può suscitare emozioni e può dare benefici alla salute. Allo stesso tempo però è importante prendere in considerazione le differenze individuali ,come il gusto musicale, quando si indaga sulle emozioni musicali, e considerare il loro possible effetto sulla salute. In un esperimeto sul campo 21 donne hanno ascoltato la loro musica preferita, su lettori mp3, ogni giorno, nelle loro case, per 30 minuti lungo un periodo di tempo di 2 settimane. Una settimana hanno ascoltato musica rilassante e l’alta settimana musica energizzante. Stress, emozioni e salute sono stati misurati da un questionario ogni giorno e il cortisolo della salia è stato misurato con 6 campioni due giorni consecutivi ogni settimana. Il gruppo di sperimentazione è stato messo a confroto con un altro gruppo di controllo (N= 20) al quale è stata assegnata una settimana di controllo di relax senza musica e dopo hanno avuto istruzione di rilassarsi per 30 minuti ogni giorno per tre settimane. I risultati hanno mostrato che quando i partecipanti del gruppo hanno ascoltato la loro musica essi hanno riferito di aver avuto meno stress e di aver vissuto emozioni positive in un livello significativamente piú alto rispetto a quando si rilassavano senza musica. C’è stata anche una diminuzine significativa del cortisolo nel passaggio tra la settimana di controllo alla settimana in cui è stata introdotta la musica. Il gruppo di controllo ha riportato livelli di stress, emozioni percepite e livelli di cortisolo stabili durante tutte e tre le settimane dello studio. Tutti questi risultati ci suggeriscono che rilassarsi ascoltando la nostra musica preferita può essere un modo molto efficace per ridurre i livelli di stress e di cotisolo ed aumentare le emozioni positive, rispetto a rilassarsi senza musica.

 Parole Chiave: ascoltare musica, cortisolo, stress

 

Chinese

聆聽自選音樂對情緒、壓力及皮質醇水平效用之實驗性實地研究

聆聽音樂能激發對聆聽者而言具有意義的情緒,並有益於促進健康。於此同時,當評估音樂對情緒及健康可能帶來的影響時,考慮到個別差異(如:個人的音樂品味)至關重要。在一個實地研究中,21位女性連續兩週,每天30分鐘在家聆聽她們喜歡的音樂mp3,其中一週,他們聆聽自己選擇的放鬆音樂,另一週則聆聽自選的活力音樂。在自陳問卷中每天測量壓力值、情緒與健康狀態,並每週連續兩天測量六個唾液皮質醇樣本。在音樂介入之前,以一週沒有聆聽音樂的放鬆作為基線期,將實驗組的結果與連續三週每天進行30分鐘放鬆的控制組(N=20)比較,結果顯示和未聆聽音樂的放鬆經驗相比,實驗組的參與者表示,在她們聆聽自選音樂的時候,感受到明顯較高強度的正向情緒以及較少的壓力。同時,與第一週的基線期相比,皮質醇在第二週音樂開始介入後也顯著降低。相對的,控制組的自陳壓力值、情緒感知及皮質醇程度在研究進行的三週之中皆保持穩定。研究結果建議,在放鬆時聆聽個人偏好的音樂比沒有聆聽音樂更能有效降低壓力感與皮質醇程度,並增加正向情緒 。

 

Japanese

自分で選んだ音楽を聴くことによる、感情、ストレス、 コルチゾール値への影響についての実験的実地調査

Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry Hartig 

 

音楽鑑賞は鑑賞者の有意義な感情を喚起し一定の健康利益を高める可能性がある。同時に、音楽感情を調査、またそれらの健康への影響の可能性を考察する際には、音楽の嗜好など、個人差を考慮することが重要である。実地調査では、21人の女性が各自の好む音楽を一日30分、2週間、MP3プレイヤーを使って自宅で聴いた。一週間は自分で選択したリラックスする音楽を、もう一週間は自分で選択した活力を与える音楽を聴いた。自己申告によるストレス、感情、健康がアンケートを使って毎日計測され、唾液内のコルチゾール値は、毎週2日連続して6つのサンプルを使って計測された。実験グループは毎日30分のリラクゼーションを3週間行ったコントロール群 (N=20) と比較され、コントロール群はベースラインとなる週(リラクゼーションを始める前の週)に音楽なしのリラクゼーションも行った。結果は、実験グループ参加者が好みの音楽を聴いている時、著しく高い強さでポジティブな感情を経験し、音楽なしでリラックスしている時よりもストレスが少ないということを示した。また、コルチゾール値は、ベースライン週に比べて音楽介入のあった2週目の方が有意に減少していた。コントロール群では、ストレスレベル、感情知覚、コルチゾール値が、調査中3週間において安定を保持したことが報告された。これらの結果を合わせると、好みの音楽を聴くことはよりストレス感情とコルチゾール値を減少させ、音楽なしのリラクゼーションよりもポジティブな感情を増加させることが示唆される。

キーワード:音楽鑑賞、コルチゾール、ストレス反応

 

Korean

개인선곡 음악감상이 정서, 스트레스, 코티졸 레벨에 미치는 영향에 대한 임상 실험 연구

Marie Helsing, Daniel Västfjäll, Pär Bjälkebring, Patrik Juslin, Terry Hartig

음악을 듣는 것은 듣는 사람에게 중요한 정서를 이끌어 낼 수 있으며 특정한 건강 혜택들을 증진시킬 수 있다. 동시에, 음악적 정서를 조사할 때, 또한 그것들이 건강에 끼칠 수 있는 영향들을 고려할 때 음악적 취향과 같은 개인차를 고려해야 한다. 임상 실험에서, 21명의 여성들은 자신의 집에서 2주 동안 매일 30분씩 MP3 플레이어로 자신이 좋아하는 음악을 들었다. 첫 일주일 동안, 그들은 자신이 선택한 이완 음악을 들었고, 두 번째 일주일간은 자신이 선택한 에너지를 주는 음악을 들었다. 매일 질문지로 자신이 보고한 스트레스, 감정, 건강 등을 평가했고, 매주 2일 연속 6개의 샘플을 가지고 타액내 코티졸을 측정했다. 실험집단은 3주 동안 매일 30분씩 이완을 시키라고 지시를 받은 통제 집단(N=20)과 비교했으며, 음악 중재 전 일주일 동안 음악 없이 이완을 시켰던 때를 기초선 주간(baseline week)으로 정했다. 그 결과, 실험 집단의 참가자들은 음악없이 이완을 시켰던 때보다 자신이 선택한 음악을 들었을 때 유의미하게 더 높은 강도의 긍정적 정서와 더 적은 스트레스를 경험했다고 보고했다. 또한 기초선 주간으로부터 두 번째 음악 중재 주까지 코티졸의 유의미한 감소도 있었다. 통제 집단이 보고한 스트레스 수준, 인식한 감정, 코티졸 레벨은 3주 간의 연구 기간 내내 안정적이었다. 이런 결과들을 종합했을 때, 선호하는 음악을 듣는 것이 음악 없이 이완을 시키는 것보다 긍정적인 정서를 증가시켜주고 스트레스 감정과 코티졸 수준을 줄여주는 보다 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있음을 제안한다. 

키워드: 음악 감상, 코티졸, 스트레스 반응


 

Citas

Allen, K., & Blascovich, J. (1994). Effects of music on cardiovascular reactivity among surgeons. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 156-171.

Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 98, 11818-11823. doi: 10.1073/pnas.191355898.

Brannon, L., & Feist, P. (2010). Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behaviour and Health. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth.

Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., & Skoner, D. P. (1996). Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 175-180.

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-396. doi: 10.2307/2136404.

DeNora, T. (2000). Music in everyday life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Flaten, M. A., Åsli, O., & Simonsen, T. (2006). The effects of stress on absorption of acetaminophen. Psychopharmacology, 185, 471-478. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0324-4.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden- and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218.

Fried, R., & Berkowitz, L. (1979). Music that charms…and can influence helpfulness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 199-208. doi: 10.1111/j.1559- 1816.1979.tb02706.x.

Gabrielsson, A. (2001). Emotions in strong experiences with music. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 431-449). New York: Oxford University Press.

Gomez, P., & Danuser, B. (2007). Relationships between musical structure and psychophysiological measures of emotion. Emotion, 7, 377-387. doi: 10.1037/1528- 3542.7.2.377.

Gross, J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.) (pp. 497-512). New York: The Guilford Press.

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348.

Hanser, S. B. (2010). Music, health and well-being. In P. N. Juslin & Sloboda, J. A. (Eds.), Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research and applications (pp. 849-877). New York: Oxford University Press.

Helsing, M., Västfjäll, D., Patrik, J. N., & Hartig, T. (manuscript submitted1). A day reconstruction method study of musical emotions in everyday life.

Helsing, M., Västfjäll, D., Patrik, J. N., & Hartig, T. (manuscript submitted2). Associations between everyday music listening and self-reported stress.

Ice, G. H., Katz-Stein, A., Himes, J., & Kane, R. L. (2004). Diurnal cycles of salivary cortisol in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(3), 355-370. doi: 10.1016/S0306- 4530(03)00034-9

Juslin, P. N., & Laukka, P. (2004). Expression, perception, and induction of musical emotions: A review and a questionnaire study of everyday listening. Journal of New Music Research, 33, 217-238. doi: 10.1080/0929821042000317813.

Juslin, P. N., Laukka, P., Liljeström, S., Västfjäll, D., & Lundqvist, L.-O. (2011). A survey study of emotional reactions to music in everyday life. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Juslin, P. N., Liljeström, S., Västfjäll, D., Barradas, G., & Silva, A. (2008). An Experience Sampling Study of Emotional Reactions to Music: Listener, Music, and Situation. Emotion, 8(5), 668-683. doi: 10.1037/a0013505.

Khalfa, S., Bella, S. D., Roy, M., Peretz, I., & Lupien, S. I. (2003). Effects of relaxing music on salivary cortisol level after psychological stress, Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 999, 374-376. doi: 10.1196/annals.1284.045.

Kemeny, M. E., & Shestyuk, A. (2010). Emotions, the neuroendocrine and immune systems, and health. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (3rd ed.) (pp. 661-675). New York: The Guilford Press.

Koelsch, S., Fuermetz, J., Sack, U., Baur, K., Hohenadel, M., Wiegel, M., Kaisers, U. X., & Heinke, W. (2011). Effects of music listening on cortisol levels and propofol consumption during spinal anesthesia. Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 58, article 2.

Krout, R. E. (2007). Music listening to facilitate relaxation and promote wellness: integrated aspects of our neurophysiological responses to music. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34, 134-141. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2006.11.001.

Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Wust, S. (2009). Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of salivary cortisol responses to challenge. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 2-18. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004.

Labbé, E., Schmidt, N., Babin, J., & Pharr, M. (2007). Coping with stress: the effectiveness with different types of music. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 32, 163-168. doi: 10.1007/s10484-007-9043-9.

Laukka, Petri (2007). Uses of music and psychological well-being among the elderly. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 215-241. doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9024-3.

Lovallo, W. R. (2005). Stress and Health: Biological and psychological interactions (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.

MacDonald, R. A. R., Mitchell, L. A., Dillon, T., Serpell, M. G., Davies, J. B., & Ashley, E. (2003). An empirical investigation of the anxiolytic and pain reducing effects of music. Psychology of Music, 31(2), 187-203. doi: 10.1177/0305735603031002294.

McCaffery, M. (1990). Nursing approaches to nonpharmacological pain control. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 27, 1-5. doi: 10.1016/0020-7489(90)90018-E.

McEwen, I. (1998). Stress, adaptation and disease: allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 33-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1749- 6632.1998.tb09546.x.

Mitchell, L. A., & MacDonald, R. A. (2006). An experimental investigation of the effects of preferred and relaxing music listening on pain perception. Journal of Music Therapy 43(4), 295-316.

Mitchell, L. A., MacDonald, R. A. R., Knussen, C., & Serpell, M. G. (2007). A survey investigation of the effects of music listening on chronic pain. Psychology of Music, 35(1), 37-57. doi: 10.1177/0305735607068887.

North, A. C., & Hargreaves, D. J. (1997). Experimental aesthetics and everyday music listening. In A. C. North & D. J. Hargreaves (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Music (pp. 84-103). New York: Oxford University Press.

North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J., & O’Neill, S. A. (2000). The importance of music to adolescents. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 255-272. doi: 10.1348/000709900158083

Pelletier, C. L. (2004). The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: a meta analysis. Journal of Music Therapy, 41, 192-214.

Preussner, J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2003). Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoendocrinology, 28, 916- 931. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00108-7.

Roe, K. (1985). Swedish youth and music: Listening patterns and motivations. Communication Research, 12, 353-362. doi: 10.1177/009365085012003007.

Saarikallo, S., & Erkkilä, J. (2007). The role of music in adolescents’ mood regulation. Psychology of Music, 35(1), 88-109. doi: 10.1177/0305735607068889.

Schellenberg, G. E., Peretz, I., & Vieillard, S. (2008). Liking for happy-and sad-sounding music: effects of exposure. Cognition and Emotion, 22(2), 218-237. doi: 10.1080/02699930701350753.

Schlotz, W., Schulz, P., Hellhammer, J., Stone, A., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2006). Trait anxiety moderates the impact of performance pressure on salivary cortisol in everyday life. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 459-472. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.11.003.

Schubert, E. (2010). Affective, evaluative, and collative responses to hated and loved music. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(1), 36-46. doi: 10.1037/a0016316.

Sloboda, J. A. (1992). Empirical studies of emotional responses to music. In M. Reiss Jones & S. Holleran (Eds.), Cognitive bases of musical communication (pp 33-46). Washington: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10104-003.

Sloboda, J. A., & O’Neill, S. A. (2001). Emotions in everyday listening to music. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 415-430). New York: Oxford University Press.

Sloboda, O’Neill & Ivaldi, (2001). Functions of music in everyday life: an exploratory study using the Experience Sampling Method. Musicae scientiae, 5, 9-32.

Smyth, J. M., Ockenfels, M. C., Gorin, A. A., Catley, D., Porter, L. S., Kirchbaum, C., Hellhammer, D. H., & Stone, A. A. (1997). Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22(2), 89-115. doi: 10.1016/S0306- 4530(96)00039-X.

Sonnentaug, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The recovery experience questionnaire: development and

validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 204-221. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.204.

Steptoe, A (1997) Stress and disease. In Baum, A., Newman, S. and Weinman, J. & West, RAM, C. (Eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine (pp. 174- 177). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Stowell ,J. R., Hedges, D. W., Ghambaryan, A., Key, C., & Bloch, G. J. (2009). Validation of the symptoms of illness checklist (SIC) as a tool for health psychology research. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(1), 68-77. doi: 10.1177/1359105308097947.

Thayer, R. E., Newman, J. R., & McCain, T. M. (1994). Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 910-925. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.910.

Västfjäll, D. (2002). A review of the musical mood induction procedure, Musicae Scientiae Special Issue 2001-2002, 173-211.

Wells, A., & Hakanen, E. A. (1991). The emotional uses of

popular music by adolescents. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 445-454.

Witvliet, C. V. O, & Vrana, S. R. (2007). Play it again Sam: Repeated exposure to emotionally evocative music polarises liking and smiling responses, and influences other affective reports, facial EMG, and heart rate. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 3-25. doi: 10.1080/02699930601000672.

Woody, R. H., & Burns, K. J. (2001). Predicting music appreciation with past emotional responses to music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 49(1), 57-70. doi: 10.2307/3345810.

Zentner, M. R., Grandjean, D., Scherer, K. R. (2008). Emotions evoked by the sound of music: Differentiation, classification, and measurement. Emotion, 8, 494-521. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.8.4.494.

Publicado

2016-10-26

Número

Sección

Full Length Articles