Music therapy for chronic fatigue following Epstein-Barr virus infection in adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v12i2.679Abstract
Abstract
This research study, which was a part of arandomized controlled trial, explored music therapy as a part of an individually tailored mental training programfor Chronic Fatigue(CF) following Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in adolescents. This article presents the qualitative data stemming from the interviews, which focused on music therapy. The interviews were performed after completion of the program. The mental training program consisted of 10 sessions distributed between a family session (1), individual sessions with music therapy (4), and individual cognitive behavioral therapy (6). Music therapy included music listening, improvisation, song writing, instrument training, in addition to suggested homework. The analysis was informed through the procedure of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results indicated three main themes: i) personal capacity to act through music, ii) subjective understanding of the link between body and mind, and iii) inhabiting the music space. We suggest future music therapy program to be resource- and user oriented, improvisational, and offer training on an instrument. A vital component should be active music listening, comprising verbal communication, relaxation techniques and joint verbal reflection, to foster mentalization. The therapist and the client select music together, while playlists are negotiated, and invited homework included.
References
REFERENCES
Evidence based guildelines for the management fo CFS/ME (chronic fatigye syndrome/myalgic encephalopathy) in children and young adultes. 2004, London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.
Nijhof SL, Maijer K, Bleijenberg G, Uiterwaal CS, Kimpen JL, van de Putte EM. Adolescent Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Prevalence, Incidence, and Morbidity. Pediatrics. 2011;5:1169-1175.
Wyller VB, Reme SE, Mollnes, TE. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalo-myelitis – pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen, 2015:15(23):2172-2175.
Wyller VB, Eriksen HR, Malterud K. Can sustained arousal explain the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? published online 23 February 2009, Behav Brain Funct. 2009:5(10). doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-5-10
Reme SE, Archer N, Chandler T. Experiences of young people who have undergone the Lightning Process to treat chronic fatique syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis British Journal of Health Psychology, 2012:18(3):508-525.
Lakhan SE, Schofield KL, Mindfulness-based therapies in the treatment of somatization disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2013:8(8).
Van Houdenhove B, Luyten P. Customizing Treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: The role of perpetuating factors. Psychosomatics, 2008. 49:470-477.
Bradt J, Dileo C. Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006902. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006902.pub3.
Bradt J, Dileo C, Portvin N. Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013 Dec 28;(12):CD006577. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006577.pub3.
Bradt J, Dileo C, Shim M. Music interventions for preoperative anxiety. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD006908. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006908.pub2.
Bjellånes NAL. Musikk og autogen trening i samspill: En bedre livskvalitet for mennesker med diagnosen fibromyalgi. Musikkterapi, 1994:1:4-21.
Torres E. Group Music and Imagery (GMI) for Treating Fibromyalgia: Listening to Oneself as a Path of Opening and Transformation. In: Grocke, D, Moe T, eds. Guided Imagery & Music (GIM) and Music Imagery Methods for Individual and Group Therapy, London: Jessica Kingsley Publisers; 2015:267-276.
Beck BD. Guided Imagery and Music with Clients on Stress Leave, In: Grocke, D, Moe T, eds. Guided Imagery & Music (GIM) and Music Imagery Methods for Individual and Group Therapy, London: Jessica Kingsley Publisers; 2015:131-140.
Batt-Rawden KB. Musikk - en nøkkel til indre skatterkammer? Et kvalitativt forksningsprosjket om bruk av musikk i samhandling med menn og kvinner med livsstilsrelaterte diagnoser og sykdommer, In: Aasgaard T, ed. Musikk og helse, Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk forlag; 2006:221-234.
Fonagy P, Gergely G, Jurist EL, Target M. Affect Regulation, Mentalization and the Development of Self. New York: Other Press; 2002.
Trondalen G, Skårderud, F. Playing With Affects. And the importance of "affect attunement". Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 2007:16(2):100-111.
Luyten P, Van Houdenhove B. Common and specific factors in the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients suffering from chronic fatigue and pain. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 2013:23(1):14-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030269
Bonde LO, Trondalen G, Wigram T. Den kognitivt-adfærdsorienterede tradition. In: Bonde, LO, ed. Musikterapi: Teori-Uddannelse-Praksis-Forskning. En håndbok om musikterapi i Danmark. Århus: Klim Forlag; 2014:199-203.
Standley J, Prickett C, eds. Research in Music Therapy: A Tradition of Excellence. Outstanding Reprints from the Journal of Music Therapy 1964-1993. 1994, MD: NAMT:Silver Spring.
Lund, HN, “My battle of life”. Musikkterapi med brug af sangskrivning, rap-performance og kognitive metoder. Musikkterapi i psykiatrien. 2012:7(2):81-92.
Trondalen G. Exploring The Rucksack Of Sadness: Focused, Time-Limited Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music with a Female Executive. Journal of Association for Music and Imagery. 2009-2010; 2:1-20.
Bonny HL, Facilitating Guided Imagery and Music Sessions. GIM Monograph # 1. Baltimore, Maryland: CM, Books; 1978.
Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-Based Intervention in Context: Past,Present and Future. Clinical Psychology:science and Practice. 2003;10(2):144-156.
ChalderT, Berelowitz G, Pawlikowska T, et al. Development of a fatigue scale. J Psychosom Res. 1993:37:147-53.
Pedersen M, Asprusten TT, Godang K, et al., Predictors of chronic fatigue in adolescents six months after acute Epstein-Barr virus infection: A prospective cohort study. Brain Behav Immun. 2018: 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.023
Mental intervention for chronic fatigue syndrome (CSF/ME) following acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Treatment manual for the intervention part of the CEBA-project. Dept. of Pediatrics, Akershus University Hospital. 2015.
Malik S, Asprusten TT, Pedersen M, et al. Music therapy combined with cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue following Epstein-Barr virus infection in adolescents: An explorative randomized trial. BMC Research Notes. Submitted.
Rolvsjord R. Resource Oriented Music Therapy in Mental Health Care. Gilsum: Barcelona publishers; 2010.
Trondalen G. Relational Music Therapy: An Intersubjective Perspective. Dallas, TX: Barcelona Publishers; 2016
Wigram T. Improvisation. Methods and Techniques for Music Therapy Clinicians, Educators and Students. London and New York: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2004.
Rolvsjord R. Sophie learns to Play her Songs of Tears. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 2001;10(1):77-85.
Baker FA. Therapeutic Songwriting: Developments in Theory, Methods, and Practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillian; 2015.
Bonny, HL. The Role of Taped Music Programs in the GIM Process: Theory and product. GIM Monograph # 2. Baltimore, Maryland: ICM Books; 1978.
Grocke D, Wigram T. Receptive Methods in Music Therapy. Techniques and Clinical Applications for Music Therapy Clinicians, Educators and Students. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2007.
Stene I. Musikkterapi som gruppetilbud i ungdomspsykiatrien. In: Ruud E, ed. Musikk i psykisk helsearbeid med barn og unge. Skriftserie fra Senter for musikk og helse Vol. 5. Oslo: NMH publikasjoner; 2009:85-100.
Smith JA, Flowers P, Larkin M. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis; Therapy, Method and Research. London: Sage Publication Ltd; 2009.
Bonde LO, Ruud E, Skånland MS, et al. eds. Musical Life Stories. Narratives on health musicking. Series from Centre for Music and HealthVol. 6. Oslo: NMH-publications. Oslo: Norwegian Academy of Music; 2013.
Bonde LO, Theorell T. eds. Music and Public Health. A Nordic Perspective. Cham: Springer; 2018.
Duesund L, Skårderud F. Use The Body, And Forget The Body. Treating anorexia nervosa with adapted physical activity. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2003; 8(1):53-72.
Merleau-Ponty, M., Phenomenology and perception. London: Routledge; 1945/89.
Wyller VB, Reme, SE, Mollnes TE. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalo-myelitis–pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen. 2015; 135(23/24):2172-5.
Frohne-Hagemann I. A Mentalization-Based Approach to Guided Imagery and Music. In: Grocke, D, Moe T, eds. Guided Imagery & Music (GIM) and Music Imagery Methods for Individual and Group Therapy, London: Jessica Kingsley Publisers; 2015: 169-178.
Fonagy P, Allison E. The role of mentalizing and epistemic trust in the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy. 2014; 51(3):372-80.
Stern DN. Forms of Vitality: Exploring Dynamic Experience in Psychology, the Arts, Psychotherapy, and Development. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.
Rødevann L, Jacobsen HB. Kronisk utmattelsessyndorm og affektbevissthet hos ungdom. Tidsskrift for norsk psykologforening. 2016; 53(10):798-805.
Stige B, Malterud K, Midtgarden T. Toward an Agenda for Evaluation of Qualitative Research. Qualitative Health Research. 2009; 19(10):1504-1516.
